Sinai, which he had described in the verses just before, that terrifying mountain that Moses, even Moses who was invited up to the mountain was fearful about ascending. First, he states that the ancients who were commended, received this commendation because they had true faith. First, in the earliest manuscript editions of the New Testament books, Hebrews is included after Romans among the books written by the apostle Paul. Fortunately, our ability to apply the powerful message of Hebrews doesn’t depend on our knowledge of the identity of the author. Yea, he desired to be restored unto them as one that had been with them before. However, most will agree, that in all their efforts, conclusions have been uncertain and many resolve, like Origen, that "God only knows" who is the author. In fact, in the KJV, you’ll find the title translated as it was found in some manuscripts: “The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Hebrews.” The tradition of Pauline authorship continued. It is impossible for fallen-away Christians to be saved. – 220?) The author now proves, Hebrews 8:4, that He cannot be a priest in the earthly sanctuary, whence it then follows of itself that He must be so in the heavenly one. Third, some scholars, like Mimi Haddad at CBE International, have suggested that Priscilla wrote the book of Hebrews. What evidence have you that it was Paul who wrote Hebrews, the way he starts and ends some believe is not Paul's way of writing. Donald Guthrie’s commentary The Letter to the Hebrews (1983) mentions Priscilla by name as a suggested author. Its theology, though very compatible with that of the Pauline letters, is very distinctive. The Epistle to the Hebrews of the Christian Bible is one of the New Testament books whose canonicity was disputed. Timothy? While Timothy was a close associate of Paul, he was from Lystra, a small town in Asia Minor where it is unlikely he could have received the formal rhetorical training reflected in Hebrews. Hebrews is one of the many section of the bible with an unknown author. He helped them to separate the “wheat from the chaff” and determine which books belonged in Scripture. Even at its beginning, the … In the Letters to the Church course, respected New Testament scholar Karen Jobes introduces the cultural and theological background of Hebrews and the general epistles. Although there are a variety of options for the authorship of Hebrews, it seems to me that most likely the author of Hebrews was Apollos. . These connections make it very likely that the author was originally from the Alexandrian church, regardless of where he was when he penned the letter, and regardless of to whom it was originally sent. Letter to the Hebrews, also called Epistle to the Hebrews, abbreviation Hebrews, anonymous New Testament letter traditionally attributed to St. Paul the Apostle but now widely believed to be the work of another Jewish Christian. Many of the thoughts of Hebrews are similar to those found in Paul’s writings: Hebrews 1:3 But as it doth not appear that this Clement was ever in Palestine, so what reason he should have to leave his own charge now to go thither, no man can imagine. But, as I have said, there was a human author. So, regarding the author of Hebrews, we’ve seen that he was (1) a man, (2) a second-generation believer (probably not Paul), (3) who may have chosen to remain anonymous to echo the mysterious nature of one of the main characters in his book, Melchizedek. And being found in appearance as a human being, Hebrews 8:6 Eusebius believed that Paul was the author of Hebrews but acknowledged that this opinion was not universal. Here the author explains that he is a second generation believer—not an eyewitness of Jesus. Though we cannot be absolutely sure who the writer was, the letter does give a few hints that help us identify certain characteristics about him. I have always believed the apostle Paul wrote Hebrews, but some question him being the writer. In other words, the rejection of Pauline authorship of Hebrews is a long-standing position in the church. Secondly, regardless of who wrote it or spoke it, an unbelieving Jew wanted nothing to do with God’s Word. God purposefully withheld the name of the human instrument He used. Copyright © 2021, Bible Study Tools. Paul is the author of most of the New Testament. The enormously influential King James Bible took its cue from this tradition. 2 Cor. The author of Hebrews believed that he was living in the "last days." Every skeptic and nonbeliever has "an evil heart of unbelief." First, he states that the ancients who were commended, received this commendation because they had true faith. The Book Of Hebrews Author: Unknown; The East (i.e. Let's take a look at the context and some clues to determine who wrote the book fo Hebrews. Zion, not to Mt. And so if you were ever asked about the authorship of Hebrews, the correct answer is well expressed by the church father Origen (AD 185? In short, not exactly. Hebrews Its author. While we wait for Warren to complete writing his commentary on the next passage, it might interest you that the author of the letter to the Hebrews will remain a mystery. The association of Barnabas with the book of Hebrews may be because he was described as a “son of encouragement” (Acts 4:36), and Hebrews 13:22 describes the letter as a word of encouragement (or exhortation). 1:12; 3:4 – 6, 22; 4:6; 16:12). . Hebrews is one of the many section of the bible with an unknown author. What we know of Apollos matches more closely what we see in Hebrews than does what we know of Timothy. Pursue a deeper knowledge of God through self-paced college- and seminary-level online courses in Old and New Testament studies, theology, biblical Greek, and more. 13:22). It is possible that his name is completely unknown to Christians today. After all, if we do not know who penned the book, how can we trust that it’s scripturally sound? Since the time of Origen (185 - 256 AD.) Ultimately, the author of Hebrews was God the Holy Ghost; the human writer is anonymous. Finally, does the book speak the truth? (Romans, I and II Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, I and II Thessalonians, I and II Timothy, Titus and Philemon). Who was the author of Hebrews?" The author does not introduce himself as Paul typically did (cf. ), who said, according to Eusebius, “Who wrote the epistle of Hebrews? 3.38.2). A work could apparently still be accepted as authentic and canonical if the exact identity of the author was in doubt, but not if the author claimed to be someone he was not. The first, and one many seem to attribute the authorship to, is Paul. It seems very likely that the author was a Jewish Christian. 1:1; Gal 1:1; Eph. Others have suggested a number of Paul’s companions such as Barnabas (Acts 4:36) or Apollos (1 Corinthians 3:4), among others. “All these are the work of one and the same Spirit, and he distributes them to each one, just as he determines.”, Hebrews 2:14( – 17) Several theories regarding the author’s identity have been proposed over the centuries, but all of them carry significant obstacles. The book survived the test of time because the apostles, who had not perished or been martyred yet, approved of its authority and made copies to send throughout the churches. Every skeptic and nonbeliever has "an evil heart of unbelief." The author of Hebrews begins by expounding on the preeminence of Christ’s person and shows that because He is the magnificent sovereign of the universe and the ultimate revelation of God, He is inherently greater than the angels, Moses and the priests of the old covenant. Get started with a free online course. The writer of the book of Hebrews is unknown, but the earliest church fathers taught the book of Hebrews to anyone that would listen. Moreover, Barnabas is referred to as an “apostle” (Acts 14:14) and, being a Levite (Acts 4:36), would have had the interest in and knowledge about the priesthood that forms such a dominant theme in Hebrews. Dear Floyd, Yes, we believe Paul wrote Hebrews and enclose the following research to show why. This use of Scripture suggests that the author believed the Old Testament to be the inspired word of God. It is possible Paul wrote the book of Hebrews. And so if either Clement or Luke were involved in the production of the extant book of Hebrews, he would have had a very free hand in working with Paul’s material, to the point that he would be an author, not a translator by any modern definition. In short, the author most likely had some connection with Paul, whether it was Paul himself or one of his friends who had heard a number of his sermons and read his writings. This article will also discuss the context of Hebrews, and why the church decided to include the book in the Scriptural canon, even with the author being an unknown factor. eccl. If not Paul, then who are the other possible authors? 2 Throughout this article masculine pronouns designate the author of Hebrews, for I am convinced that a man wrote the document. Here the author writes to illustrate what this means to the readers. It is impossible for fallen-away Christians to be saved. Moreover, as a Jewish believer (Acts 18:24), he had the thorough knowledge of the Old Testament Scriptures in their Greek version that the book of Hebrews exclusively uses. Not only was he influenced by Paul, but he was also not a first-generation Christian (Jobes, 40). This seems to be a description of the Book of Hebrews. Moreover, both Paul and the author of Hebrews thought of Abraham as the spiritual father of Christians in similar ways. Barnabas? Even centuries earlier in the fourth century, the church of Rome did not believe Paul wrote Hebrews, possibly retaining a latent memory of the actual author (Eusebius, Hist. Some traditions hold that the author may have been St. Barnabas or perhaps one of Paul’s other associates or later disciples. In Hebrews 12:22 and following, the author to the Hebrews says that we have already come to Mt. 3:12. We do not know the author of Hebrews. However, not all in the East were in agreement. The church father Tertullian (AD 160? The author of Hebrews wrote to exhort his audience to reject local Jewish teachings and to remain faithful to Jesus. ... As for Rahab's personal qualities, she not only believed in God but had spiritual discernment to perceive divine leading regarding the Israelite mission. The author of the letter to the Hebrews does not give his name, so a number of names have been offered throughout the years. She is also the co-author of the Dear Hero duology, which was published by INtense Publications. Harnack’s argument that Priscilla deliberately disguised her gender by using the masculine gender is sheer speculation, and his theory remains a curiosity of New Testament scholarship. Sharper than any double-edged sword, it penetrates even to dividing soul and spirit, joints and marrow; it judges the thoughts and attitudes of the heart.”, Hebrews 11:1 “Now faith is confidence in what we hope for and assurance about what we do not see.”, Hebrews 12:1 “Therefore, since we are surrounded by such a great cloud of witnesses, let us throw off everything that hinders and the sin that so easily entangles. People believed and taught that Paul was the author of Hebrews for centuries, despite reservations which explain why it is placed at the end of the rest of Paul’s letters. Apollos, Paul, Priscilla, Luke, Barnanabas, and anyone else to whom scholars attribute authorship of this book would have been apostles. We'll send you an email with steps on how to reset your password. The author’s understanding of the doctrine of salvation was highly compatible with what the apostle Paul taught, though creatively distinctive. Also, Rahab is named by Matthew as the wife of a leading member of the community. “Since we have now been justified by his blood”; “offer your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and pleasing to God.”. It seems unlikely that Paul here in 2:3 would refer to himself as simply someone who received the gospel from those who had heard the Lord. Proud member Luke? Why would the audience need this proof, using several comparisons of Scripture like Hebrews 2:5-9 compared with Psalm 8:4-6? Many Early church fathers believed that the Book of Hebrew was solely written by Paul for the Jewish people. Footnotes 1 The epistle was written some time prior to 70 A.D., before the Romans destroyed the Temple. Luther himself believed that Paul wrote Hebrews, but also suggested that Apollos could have been the author. As we've just suggested, the author of Hebrews wrote to exhort his audience. Those who have rejected Pauline authorship are divided as to who did write Hebrews. Origin also recognized that Paul himself probably did not write Hebrews.[5]. After all, a number of the apocryphal books and pseudepigraphal books (books written under a false name) did not make the cut for the New Testament canon. That meant they had a certain authority to write the book. An even more persuasive argument that the apostle Paul was not the author of Hebrews is the way the author alludes to himself in Hebrews 2:3, stating that the gospel was confirmed “to us” by those who heard the Lord announce salvation. The Author of Hebrews While the Book of Hebrews does not reveal its author, it is safe to say with “a great deal of certainty that it was a man who belonged to Hellenistic or Greek-speaking Christianity.”9 Besides that, the Book of Hebrews has been attributed to many authors; some think it was Paul or even 4 Priscilla while other people think it was either Apollos or Barnabas. . Priscilla also did spend a great deal of time with Paul and his companions on their missionary journeys. Circumcision, a stumbling block for many converts, had been a Jewish practice when a child was weaned, or when a man converted to the Jewish faith. Clement believed Hebrews was written by Paul in the Hebrew language, then translated into Greek by Luke. By submitting your email address, you understand that you will receive email communications from HarperCollins Christian Publishing (501 Nelson Place, Nashville, TN 37214 USA) providing information about products and services of HCCP and its affiliates. In Titus 3:13 Paul mentions Apollos We’ve established that someone other than Paul wrote the epistle. Jesus is our priest (Hebrews chapters 5-9). Footnotes 1 The epistle was written some time prior to 70 A.D., before the Romans destroyed the Temple. Although Harnack’s idea generated much discussion in its day, the author refers to himself in Hebrews 11:32, using a masculine participle in the Greek original, and there is no manuscript evidence for a feminine variant reading. – 254? A recent theory suggests that Timothy wrote Hebrews, except for the closing verses that Paul appended himself where Timothy is mentioned by name.[6]. So, regarding the author of Hebrews, we’ve seen that he was (1) a man, (2) a second-generation believer (probably not Paul), (3) who may have chosen to remain anonymous to echo the mysterious nature of one of the main characters in his book, Melchizedek. For in him all things were created . Coming from an evangelical perspective, Jobes addresses issues of historical relevance as well as how these books connect with Christian faith and practice today. eccl. He eventually became as influential as the apostles Paul and Peter (1 Cor. The author knew Timothy and referred to him as “our brother” (Hebrews 13:23, CSB) rather than “my son” as Paul did in (1 Timothy 1:2). The author of Hebrews believed that he was living in the "last days." 1:1; Col. 1:1; 1 Tim. It revealed that Judaism based upon the Mosaic Law, Levitical sacrifices, etc. Apollos was “mighty in the Scriptures” and he “refuted the Jews in public, demonstrating by the Scriptures that Jesus was the Christ” (Acts 18:24-28). (Didn't the author know about confession or the finality of being saved?) This description of the author's purpose helps orient us to the main ideas found in the book of Hebrews. But we've come to Mt. HEBREWS (Lesson 1) INTRODUCTION . mentioned that Barnabas, Paul’s traveling companion on his first mission to the Gentiles, authored Hebrews (Pud. In fact, Hebrews is the only New Testament writing to expound on Jesus as the Great High Priest and final sacrifice. The author of Hebrews writes, “After it was at the first spoken through the Lord, it was confirmed to us by those who heard, 4 God also testifying with them, both by signs and wonders and by various miracles and by gifts of the Holy Spirit according to His own will” (Heb. Yet, as we saw in yesterday’s post, the author of Hebrews is making a case for his audience that true faith is the foundation of our hope and it requires us to trust that which we cannot see. Hebrews is probably therefore a written homily, to which the author gave an epistolary ending (Heb 13:22–25). It is thought that at one point the author had been recognized and revered by its audience. 3.3.5; 6.20.3). and in him all things hold together.”, Hebrews 2:4 Furthermore, it is doubtful that Timothy had any connection to Alexandria, though that connection may not be necessary. 6.25.14). The author of the Book of Hebrews refers to themselves only seven times in the entire book.” 5 Several modern scholars are leaning toward Priscilla as the author. Here’s what we know about Apollos from the Bible: We also know from the very early history of the church that Apollos would also fit the memory handed down to both Clement of Alexandria (c. AD 150 – 215) and to Origen (AD 185 – 253), who claimed a Pauline association. Church history until the past few centuries had attributed the authorship to him as well. So I don't think there is much of a case the Paul wrote it, but when I read the beginning of Hebrews, it … 20). Got Questions explains that Luke, given his Greek and Gentile background, may have favored the Septuagint translation over the Masoretic translation and compiled the book, after having heard Paul’s preaching and examples he used in sermons. Shabbat Shalom, I humbly submit for review consideration testing and sharpening. The Author of Hebrews While the Book of Hebrews does not reveal its author, it is safe to say with “a great deal of certainty that it was a man who belonged to Hellenistic or Greek-speaking Christianity.”9 Besides that, the Book of Hebrews has been attributed to many authors; some think it was Paul or even 4 Priscilla while other people think it was either Apollos or Barnabas. Paul? The apostle Paul always made the point that, even though he wasn’t one of the twelve original disciples who walked with Jesus during his earthly life, he was nonetheless an apostle of Jesus Christ, and usually identifies himself as such in his letters. . (Q) According to Hebrews 8:4, does the author of the Epistle to the Hebrews believe that Jesus was never on Earth? Clement of Alexandria suggests that Paul wrote the book originally in Hebrew and that Luke translated it into Greek, though the Greek of Hebrews bears no resemblance to translation Greek (e.g., that of the Septuagint). Salem Media Group. The author brings us through history. Whoever the author of Hebrews is had authority with the little flock Here's proof Hebrews thirteen verse number seven, says remember them, which have the rule over the author of Hebrews writes to the people. In spite of the weight of scholarly inference, the book of Hebrews does not in fact name its author. We can present a few possible authors that scholars have suggested throughout all of church history. it's rather looked down on now, but i still value it. Paul emphasizes the certainty of salvation in Romans 8:28-39, yet in Hebrews 6 and Hebrews 10, the author clearly states that it is impossible to be brought back to repentance. I don’t absolutely know that Priscilla wrote Hebrews. Origen knew through tradition or hearsay that some thought Luke was the author of Hebrews, and that others believed Clement of Rome wrote it. In any case, the church believed that the contents of the book spoke for themselves and bore the mark of divine inspiration and so included Hebrews in the canon of sacred books. Here the author writes to illustrate what this means to the readers. Parallels between Hebrews and Paul’s writings. The reason for this is that the persecutions described in Acts 8: 1 and Hebrews 10: 32-34 were intense; Jewish Christians outside Palestine suffered relatively less compared to their counterparts in Palestine (Ogden, 1994). Enhance your school’s traditional and online education programs by easily integrating online courses developed from the scholars and textbooks you trust. 1:1; and 2 Tim. Therefore, as this article from Got Questions conjectures, we can hazard that the author wrote the book in the 60s AD. . The author begins with a reminder of the preexistence, incarnation, and exaltation of Jesus that proclaimed him the climax of God’s word to humanity (Heb 1:1–3). Eusebius, the great historian of the church, recognizes that the letter Clement wrote from Rome to the Corinthian church in the late first century contained many allusions to and quotations from Hebrews and notes that on that basis some believed that Clement himself was the translator or author of Hebrews (Hist. There is a consensus that the “brother of James” identifies the author... Get expert commentary on biblical languages, fresh explorations in theology, hand-picked book excerpts, author videos, and info on limited-time sales. P.N. After all, many of the examples he uses, such as running the race of faith (Hebrews 12:1, 1 Corinthians 9:24-27), and a great deal of the language appears to reflect the style of Paul. In the same way, the author tries to use concrete comparisons from the text they would’ve known best, the Old Testament. This article from Biblical Training digs into this question. 1:2, 9:26, 10.25, 10:37. “God also testified to it by signs, wonders and various miracles, and by gifts of the Holy Spirit distributed according to his will.”, 1 Corinthians 12:11 In any case, the church believed that the contents of the book spoke for themse… eccl. Volumes have been written and theories have been postulated. Because of this, a possible author is Apollos, a native of Alexandria, according to Acts 18:24. No other book so eloquently defines Christ as high priest of Christianity, superior to the Aaronic priesthood, and the fulfillment of the Law and the Prophets. For instance, when Paul talks to a Greek audience, he quotes their philosophers back to them (Acts 17:22-28). There are a handful of contenders. . It is believed that the intended readers lived in the region of Palestine. Many people have thought that he was Paul. The missionary impetus of the Christian gospel arose in Jerusalem following the stoning of Stephen when a great persecution broke out and Christians began to scatter (Acts 8). However, scholarly examination shows that the Greek text of Hebrews could not be a translation of a Semitic text — at least as we understand “translation” today — because its rhetorical features would be possible only when composed in Greek. The author of Hebrews extensively argues that God had ‘liberated’ (freed) the ethnic/cultural/religious line of Hebrew people from the Law of Moses to enter into God’s rest (Hebrews 3-4). Conjectures as to the author have ranged from the Apostle Paul, who wrote at least thirteen books in the New Testament, to Priscilla, a friend of Paul’s who accompanied him during part of his ministry. Hebrews, as one may guess from the title, is written to the Hebrews, particularly Jewish people who had converted to Christianity during the first century, prior to the fall of Jerusalem in 70 AD. The soteriology of Hebrews is quite consistent with Paul’s own teaching. All rights reserved. The intriguing theory presented in more modern times by the German biblical scholar Adolf Harnack argued that Hebrews was written by Priscilla, the woman who, together with her husband, Aquila, was a close associate of Paul’s. Today, we can still find hope in these verses written two thousand years ago. Hebrews as an Epistle Hebrews is believed to have been written in the second half of the first century, most probably between AD 60 and AD 70.5 This was a time in which the Hellenistic culture was still widespread in the Roman Empire. There is in fact, so much information unknown concerning Hebrews that not only is the writer in question but the date it was made, and even the name, “To [the] Hebrews” is debated as the original title. 1:1). However, the book also seems to miss some of the hallmarks of this author that we see in other books. The author of Hebrews writes, “After it was at the first spoken through the Lord, it was confirmed to us by those who heard, 4 God also testifying with them, both by signs and wonders and by various miracles and by gifts of the Holy Spirit according to His own will” (Heb. Hope Bolinger is an editor at Crosswalk.com, literary agent at C.Y.L.E., and a graduate of Taylor University's professional writing program. He was a highly educated Alexandrian who would have been schooled in the literary style exemplified by Hebrews. You may unsubscribe from these email communications at any time. Why Apollos might have been the author of Hebrews. It’s certainly reasonable to conclude Paul wrote the book of Hebrews. It or spoke it, an unbelieving Jew wanted nothing to do with ’. This, a native of Alexandria, though very compatible with that of the hallmarks of this Study etc. Personally, and other valuable resources converted, California - do not have sat back and watched the Council Nicea! Black, however, not merely the secretary is doubtful that Timothy had any connection to Alexandria according. Doctrine of salvation was highly compatible with what the apostle Paul man wrote epistle... 1,000 of her works have been the author knows that by using examples from the families of,. 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Jobes, 40 ) to who did write Hebrews. [ 5 ] … Please enter your email address with! Been St. Barnabas or perhaps one of the dear Hero duology, which is the perfect priest Hebrews! Crosswalk.Com, literary agent at C.Y.L.E., and Ebionites, like Paul, others give credit a. In Nazareth in Galilee salvation was highly compatible with what the apostle Paul, for instance when... From Biblical Training digs into this question publications ranging from writer 's Digest to Keys Kids! Timothy had any connection to Alexandria, according to Hebrews 8:4, does the of. A close companion of Paul Paul taught, though very compatible with that of the hallmarks of this Study that... St. Barnabas or perhaps one of the New Testament books whose canonicity was disputed impossible for fallen-away Christians to the... Luke or clement of rome translated the epistle from Hebrew into Greek by Luke that by using examples from families! The audience these two women, something a male writer may overlook scholarly,! 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