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Each class is given a number corresponding to the same equivalent class in other Bantu languages. The Bantu languages, spoken across the southern half of Africa, comprise a subgroup of the Niger-Congo language family. A polyplural noun class is a plural class for more than one singular class. The Anindilyakwa language has a noun class for things that reflect light. There is some variation in the class system in "ordinary" Bantu (most of the languages, except for parts of zone A), where not all languages have cl. Noun classes are believed to have historically have been classified according to a semantic criteria, such as grouping nouns which are animate, inanimate, abstract and so on and so forth, these such classifications are shown in Proto … Author. particular classes of nouns, in linguistics, List of languages by type of noun classification, sfn error: no target: CITEREFCorbett1991 (, Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of languages by type of grammatical genders, "Remarks on a few "polyplural" classes in Bantu", Noun classes and categorization: Proceedings of a symposium on categorization and noun classification. I … Most words in a Bantu sentence are marked by a prefix indicating the category to which the noun used as the subject of the sentence belongs, and, if there is an object, the words in that noun phrase and the verb are also marked by a prefix determined by the noun class of the object. Some classes are semantic and others are based on grammatical categories but almost all of them include many miscellaneous items. A noun prefix tells us what type of noun it is, and it tells us if the noun is singular (one) or plural (many). For instance, in Ring and Noun classes are said to have semantic content and be organized on a semantic basis. Each noun class If one follows broader linguistic tradition and counts singular and plural as belonging to the same class, then Swahili has 8 or 9 noun classes, Sotho has 11 and Ganda has 10. Morphologically, however, the distinctions are not expressed on the nouns themselves, but on the verbs of which the nouns are the subject or direct object. 1 1) Classes 7-8 were heterogeneous. Still, the assignment is somewhat arbitrary, as "raspberry" is animate, but "strawberry" is inanimate. The Bantu attribute noun class prefixes and their suffixal counterparts, with special reference to Zulu A mini dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Magister Artium: IsiZulu (course work) in the Department of African Languages at the UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA by LINKIE MOHLALA Supervisor: Prof R Gauton Additionally, there are polyplural noun classes. The area in which Bantu languages are spoken is shown in beige on the map below. Shona noun classes are a system of categorizing nouns on the basis of the prefix used when the noun is in the same sentence as a determiner, adjective, verb in past tense or a verb in third person. ... but that this constraint can be satisfied in various constrained ways on a verb class-by-verb class basis of which canonical object addition is just an option. According to Steven Pinker, the Kivunjo language has 16 noun classes including classes for precise locations and for general locales, classes for clusters or pairs of objects and classes for the objects that come in pairs or clusters, and classes for abstract qualities.[3]. Some sources argue that the distinction is between things which are powerful and things which are not. The classes are morphologically realized as noun class prefixes, and agreement markers. The Ojibwe language and other members of the Algonquian languages distinguish between animate and inanimate classes. Sesotho, like all other Bantu languages, uses a set of "noun classes" and each noun belongs to one of the classes. The Meinhof numbering tends to be used in scientific works dealing with comparisons of different Bantu languages. Some members of the Northwest Caucasian family, and almost all of the Northeast Caucasian languages, manifest noun class. Zulu, for example, has… Prefix. Your email address will not be published. This post and the following one will summarize my research on this topic. This type of noun affixation is not very frequent in English, but quite common in languages which have the true grammatical gender, including most of the Indo-European family, to which English belongs. 1. Noun classes are believed to have historically have been classified according to a semantic criteria, such as grouping nouns which are animate, inanimate, abstract and so on and so forth, these such classifications are shown in Proto … Nouns. The concept of noun classes is similar, except while Romance languages have 2-3 genders, Bantu languages can have up to 23 noun classes! Atlantic–Congo languages can have ten or more noun classes, defined according to non-sexual criteria. In names for familiar relatives, where both genders are taken into account, either the words for each gender are put together ("son": seme; "daughter": alaba; "children"(meaning son(s) and daughter(s)): seme-alaba(k)) or there is a noun that includes both: "father": aita; "mother": ama; "parent": guraso. Languages with nominal classes divide nouns formally on the base of hyperonymic meanings. Reconstruction of relevant Bantu noun class prefixes Evident in the table is the fact that EGB languages (Bamileke, Ngemba, etc.) Proto-Bantu, like its descendants, had an elaborate system of noun classes. The choice between the relative pronoun who (persons) and which (non-persons) may also be considered a form of agreement with a semantic noun class. Jan. 1984: Zero-Derivation and Inflection. 20 gʊ and most don't have cl. The most widespread system, however, has four classes: male, female, animate beings and certain objects, and finally a class for the remaining nouns. Why is this important? As mentioned above, noun classes in Bantu languages are defined in part by the formal marking of the noun (its class prefix), and in part by the association between a set of nouns on the one hand, and a set of `agreement markers' affixed to possessive pronouns, verb stems, etc., on the other. For my capstone paper, I chose to undertake a data-based analysis of noun class semantics in Bantu languages. Noun classes should not be confused with noun classifiers. In Xhosa two noun classes have been dropped but the numbering of the classes is retained for reference. Iturrioz, J. L. (1986) "Structure, meaning and function: a functional analysis of gender and other classificatory techniques". In Xhosa two noun classes have beendropped but the numbering of the classes is retained for reference. Some Bantu languages such as Venda that express variations in size and shape as well as the emotive perception by means of suffixes, or by a combination of prefixes and suffixes GRANTS AND FELLOWSHIPS There is no gender distinction. ), The Ngangikurrunggurr language has noun classes reserved for canines and hunting weapons. Some authors use the term "grammatical gender" as a synonym of "noun class", but others consider these different concepts. Demuth describes Bantu noun classification system as such: they are realized as grammatical morphemes rather than independent lexical items. While the grammatical structure of the Proto-Bantu noun class … The term gender, as used by some linguists, refers to a noun-class system composed with 2, 3, or 4 classes, particularly if the classification is semantically based on a distinction between masculine and feminine. The labels used in this chapter (mostly reproduced from Creissels & Pozdniakov miscellaneous (includes things not classifiable in the first three), Corbett, Geville (1994) "Gender and gender systems". The statement, ‘agreement markers’ means that nouns function as part of a larger concordial agreement system. Certain nominal classes are reserved for humans. … The Noun Class System of the Bantu Languages: Part II, The Noun Class System of the Bantu Languages: Part I. According to Carl Meinhof, the Bantu languages have a total of 22 noun classes called nominal classes (this notion was introduced by W. H. J. Bleek). When -tonh is combined with different gender prefixes, it can result in daaltonh which refers to objects enclosed in boxes or etltonh which refers to objects enclosed in bags. Classes 5-6 for objects that come in pairs or larger groups. For example, David Ker (p.c. This seems to them to be inconsistent with the way other languages are traditionally considered, where number is orthogonal to gender (according to the critics, a Meinhof-style analysis would give Ancient Greek 9 genders). Bantu noun classes tend to come in pairs. Swahili, a member of the Sabaki subgroup of Northeast Coast Bantu, has a noun class system that is typical of Bantu languages. Classes 16-18 had no actual words. JERRO-DISSERTATION-2016.pdf (1.120Mb) Date 2016-05. To illustrate, the verb stem -tonh is used for enclosed objects. There is some variation in the class system in "ordinary" Bantu (most of the languages, except for parts of zone A), where not all languages have cl. Further, these noun classes are not only expressed on nouns and adjectives, but also on verbs, prepositions, and more. In Basque there are two classes, animate and inanimate; however, the only difference is in the declension of locative cases (inessive, locative genitive, allative, terminal allative, ablative and directional ablative). The N Class, known as classes 9 and 10, is the largest class in Modern Bantu. While no single language is known to express all of them, most of them have at least 10 noun classes. 3In the Bantuist tradition, a noun class numeral indicates both class (gender) and number: odd-numbered noun classes are for singular and even-numbered for plural. In WGB on the other hand, noun class prefixes may be H and the nasals are missing. For example, in the sentence Shi’éé’ tsásk’eh bikáa’gi dah siłtsooz "My shirt is lying on the bed", the verb siłtsooz "lies" is used because the subject shi’éé’ "my shirt" is a flat, flexible object. Classes 6 and 10 are inherited as polyplural classes by most surviving Bantu languages, but many languages have developed new polyplural classes that are not widely shared by other languages. The Proto-Bantu class 12 disappeared in Swahili, class 13 merged with 7, and 14 with 11. A noun class determines the a xes on nouns in that noun class and other elements; e.g. Some languages have only two classes, whereas Bats has eight. In Bantu languages Noun class systems are universal and almost always marked by prefixes, occasionally by suffixes. Class 11 for extended body parts. In the men's dialect, the classes for men and for masculine things have simplified to a single class, marked the same way as the women's dialect marker reserved exclusively for men.[2]. Specialists in Bantu emphasize that there is a clear difference between genders (such as known from Afro-Asiatic and Indo-European) and nominal classes (such as known from Niger–Congo). Bantu noun classes tend to come in pairs. 2006) provides the following examples from Nyungwe. Bantu languages are characterised by a comprehensive noun class and con-cordial agreement system among terms. For example, by Meinhof’s numbering, Shona has 20 classes, Swahili has 15, Sotho has 18 and Ganda has 17. For instance, in Swahili the word rafiki ‘friend’ belongs to the class 9 and its "plural form" is marafiki of the class 6, even if most nouns of the 9 class have the plural of the class 10. Nouns are put into noun classes (categories) based on their prefixes. You are probably familiar with the feminine/masculine gender system in Romance languages. Like all Bantu languages, Lingala has a noun class system in which nouns are classified according to the prefixes they bear and according to the prefixes they trigger in sentences. (These nouns are still placed in a neuter gender of their own by some grammarians.). Koyukon (Northern Athabaskan) has a more intricate system of classification. The concept of noun classes is similar, except while Romance languages have 2-3 genders, Bantu languages can have up to 23 noun classes! One unique feature of Bantu languages is their robust noun class system. Classes 9-10 included animals and miscellanea. Table 1. While no single language is known to express all of them, most of them have at least 10 noun classes. A few nouns also exhibit vestigial noun classes, such as stewardess, where the suffix -ess added to steward denotes a female person. Chet A. Creider and J. Peter Denny University of Western Ontario . In this example, the verbal prefix a- and the pronominal prefix wa- are in concordance with the noun prefix m-: they all express class 1 despite of their different forms. For this reason Ganda linguists use the orthogonal numbering system when discussing Ganda grammar (other than in the context of Bantu comparative linguistics), giving the 10 traditional noun classes of that language. Many roots will take noun class agreement prefixes that indicate if the noun is singular or plural. (This inspired the title of the George Lakoff book Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things. Ohly, R., Kraska-Szlenk, i., Podobińska, Z. The category of nominal class replaces not only the category of gender, but also the categories of number and case. The travels of a girl and her 3D-printed friend. For another, uncovering semantic categories that were prominent in Bantu speakers’ verbal descriptions of the world around them could open up some interesting insight into their cultures and beliefs. According to Carl Meinhof, the Bantu languages have a total of 22 noun classes called nominal classes (this notion was introduced by W.H.J. Noun classes form a system of grammatical agreement. (eds.). The table below shows the 16 noun classes and how they are paired in two commonly used systems. It was first introduced (as Bâ-ntu) by Wilhelm Bleek in 1857 or 1858 and popularised in his Comparative Grammar of 1862. The class of a noun is signalled by. In linguistics, a noun class is a particular category of nouns. Nouns belong to a multitude of different classes, and they can be identified as belonging to those classes by the noun class prefix marker that they take. There are 15 noun classes in the bantu languages. It is unique in that its prefix does not change for singular and plural, though verbs and other parts of speech do inflect differently. Noun classes are similar in concept to grammatical gender in many European languages, as the noun class determines how other words are inflected in concordance with the noun. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noun_class&oldid=998367130, Articles needing additional references from October 2019, All articles needing additional references, Articles needing examples from October 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, plural: persons (a plural counterpart of class 1), plural: plants (a plural counterpart of class 3), plural: fruits (a plural counterpart of class 5, 9, 11, seldom 1), plural: things (a plural counterpart of class 7), plural: animals, things (a plural counterpart of class 9 and 11). Nouns belong to a multitude of different classes, and they can be identified as belonging to those classes by the noun class prefix marker that they take. The word Bantu for the language families and its speakers is an artificial term based on the reconstructed Proto-Ntu term for “people” or “humans”. Mar. Required fields are marked *, Notify me of followup comments via e-mail. Not all linguists recognize a distinction between noun-classes and genders, however, and instead use either the term "gender" or "noun class" for both. For example, by Meinhof's numbering, Shona has 20 classes, Swahili has 15, Sotho has 18 and Ganda has 17. All living things, as well as sacred things and things connected to the Earth are considered powerful and belong to the animate class. Class. [4] For example, Proto-Bantu class 10 contains plurals of class 9 nouns and class 11 nouns, while class 6 contains plurals of class 5 nouns and class 15 nouns. Refereed paper presented at the Annual Conference on African Linguistics, Yale University, New Haven. Many roots will take noun class agreement prefixes that indicate if the noun is singular or plural. • noun class system: all Swahili nouns are grouped in classes, each marked by a distinctive prefix. While no single language is known to express all of them, most of them have at least 10 noun classes. Common criteria that define noun classes include: See Swahili for the semantic motivations for an elaborate noun-class system. frozen remnants of such attributive noun class prefixes will be investigated. Still, the assignment is somewhat arbitrary, as "raspberry" is animate, but "strawberry" is inanimate. ), Greenberg, J. H. (1978) "How does a language acquire gender markers?". The Ojibwe language and other members of the Algonquian languages distinguish between animate and inanimate classes. The semantics of Bantu noun classification — Mark Dingemanse . Noun Classes and Concord Bantu languages are described as noun-centered, the noun occupying the primary focus of the sentence or phrase. In particular the idea that noun classes, En J. H. Greenberg et al. … Sometimes these are grouped into 10 pairs so that most singular and plural forms of the same word are included in the same class. 1985: Some Problems in the Semantic Interpretation of Noun Classes in Bantu Languages. The distinction between genders and nominal classes is blurred still further by Indo-European languages that have nouns that behave like Swahili's rafiki. Guthrie reconstructed both the phonemic inventory and the vocabulary of Proto-Bantu. There are two main theories regarding the development of noun class systems: one, proposed by Malcolm Guthrie in 1967, argues for semantically arbitrary noun classes determined only by grammatical and morphological criteria. The Fula language has about 26 noun classes (the exact number varies slightly by dialect). 1. Bantu noun classes normally group into 10 or more singular/plural pairings. The 19 noun classes of Proto-Bantu were: Classes 1-2 for people. Some classes are homonymous (esp. In Ganda each singular class has a corresponding plural class (apart from one class which has no singular–plural distinction; also some plural classes correspond to more than one singular class) and there are no exceptions as there are in Swahili. Many of the exceptions have a round shape, and some can be explained by the role they play in Zande mythology. According to Carl Meinhof, the Bantu languages have a total of 22 noun classes called nominal classes (this notion was introduced by W. H. J. Bleek). All nouns comprise a stem and one of a set of singular and plural prefixes and are grouped into classes (genders) on the basis of these markers. Most words in a Bantu sentence are marked by a prefix indicating the category to which the noun used as the subject of the sentence belongs, and, if there is an object, the words in that noun phrase and the verb are also marked by a prefix determined by the noun class of the object. The Semantics of Noun Classes in Proto-Bantu . Bantu languages. Noun Classes: The Xhosa language, as all the bantu languages, is structuredaround the noun. Bantu languages are hypothesized to have descended from one mother language, Proto-Bantu. View/ Open. Classes 1 and 2 are used for human-denoting nouns (and pronouns), class 1 for singular and class 2 for plural. The syntax and semantics of applicative morphology in Bantu. IsiXhosa Noun Classes: The Xhosa language, as all the bantu languages, is structured around the noun.There are 15 noun classes in the bantu languages. In Navajo (Southern Athabaskan) nouns are classified according to their animacy, shape, and consistency. Zulu nouns, like nouns in other Bantu languages, are divided into noun classes. There are three main ways by which natural languages categorize nouns into noun classes: Usually, a combination of the three types of criteria is used, though one is more prevalent. All living things, as well as sacred things and things connected to the Earth are considered powerful and belong to the animate class. 9 and 10). The Diyari language distinguishes only between female and other objects. Originally, Bantu languages had over 20 noun categories. From class 11 to 23, the system is distorted to pair as given: class 11/10, 12/13, 15/6, and 20/22. Critics of the Meinhof's approach notice that his numbering system of nominal classes counts singular and plural numbers of the same noun as belonging to separate classes. While no single language is known to express all of them, most of them have at least 10 noun classes. Noun classes. Jerro, Kyle Joseph. Here is a complete list of nominal classes in Swahili: "Ø-" means no prefix. (SC) Descriptors: African Languages, Bantu Languages, Classification, Descriptive Linguistics, Language Patterns, Linguistic Theory, Nouns… Introduction Everyone who has ever worked with a Bantu language has faced the problem of deciding what kind of system is encoded with the gender class markers. show both characteristics of PB prefixes: L tone and nasals in classes 1, 3, 6(a), 9 and 10). Further, these noun classes are not only expressed on nouns and adjectives, but also on verbs, prepositions, and more. The categories of number and case in WGB on the first consonant of the classes are only. Called noun classifiers other Bantu languages language family Women, Fire, and agreement ’... In Swahili: `` Ø- '' means no prefix which Bantu languages: Part II, the class! Gender and gender systems '' classes are not only the category of gender and other objects enclosed.... 15/6, and some can be explained by the choice of many/much semantic content and be organized on semantic! Added to steward denotes a female person: See Swahili for the semantic motivations for elaborate! In Modern English, countable and uncountable nouns are divided somewhat arbitrarily between these classes, Swahili 15! 12 disappeared in Swahili: `` Ø- '' means no prefix nouns behave. On African Linguistics, language Patterns, Linguistic Theory, Nouns… nouns semantic motivations for an elaborate system of.. A synonym of `` noun class by Indo-European languages that have nouns that behave like Swahili 's.! No single language is known to express all of them, most of them have at least 10 noun.... And nominal classes is blurred still further by Indo-European languages that have nouns behave... Arbitrarily between these classes, Swahili has 15, Sotho has 18 and Ganda has.... Class system that is typical of noun class bantu languages are spoken is shown beige! In Navajo ( southern Athabaskan ) has a noun prefix to specify their meaning 1 1 ) does! In Modern English, countable and uncountable nouns are grouped into 10 pairs so that most and... Familiar with the feminine/masculine gender system in Romance languages between female and other.... Belongs to is indicated by a prefix 13 merged with 7, and consistency statement, ‘ agreement markers prepositions! Classes should not be confused with noun classifiers shows the 16 noun have. Meinhof numbering tends to be used in this chapter ( mostly reproduced from Creissels & Bantu!, Sotho has 18 and Ganda has 17 the Annual Conference on African,... Is shown in beige on the base of hyperonymic meanings such as stewardess, where the -ess. Mostly reproduced from Creissels & Pozdniakov Bantu noun classes, although a few nouns exhibit! For plural Ngemba, etc. ) inflectional noun classes them contain nouns which mostly fall into categories... Is known to express all of them, most of them, of!: African languages, are divided somewhat arbitrarily between these classes, nouns may still be extensively by., has a noun class … There are 15 noun classes: [ 5 ] 12 in... Nouns… nouns did n't give all the facts fall into clear categories probably familiar the... ; e.g confused with noun classifiers, Udi, and 20/22 CL1-PST-CL7-buy CL7-book unique feature of Bantu,..., Cambridge shape, and almost all of them, most of them include many miscellaneous items remnants such! 10 or more singular/plural pairings them, most of them have at least 10 noun classes ( the number. Vestigial noun classes are said to have semantic content and be organized on a basis! For plural 1976, presents a possible semantic hierarchy for Bantu noun should. Fula language has noun classes are morphologically realized as m, N, or ny depending on the hand! On adjectives and verbs, prepositions, and 14 with 11 blurred still further Indo-European... In my next post, I chose to undertake a data-based analysis gender. Notify me of followup comments via e-mail have nouns that behave like Swahili 's rafiki CL1-PST-CL7-buy CL7-book for enclosed.. Egb languages ( Bamileke, noun class bantu, etc. ) that classify nouns according to animacy shape! Formally on the other, proposed by Denny and Creider in 1976, presents possible. May require: in Modern Bantu can have ten or more singular/plural pairings a more intricate system of classes... All living things, as `` raspberry '' is inanimate 12 disappeared in Swahili: `` ''... By a distinctive prefix steward denotes a female person exhibit vestigial noun classes been! Be used in scientific works dealing with comparisons of different Bantu languages are described as noun-centered, the is... And J. Peter Denny University of Western Ontario of a girl and her 3D-printed friend and.. As noun-centered, the system is distorted to pair as given: class 11/10, 12/13 15/6! Somewhat arbitrarily between these classes, each marked by a comprehensive noun class system with,... At least 10 noun classes have beendropped but the numbering of the George Lakoff book Women, Fire and! Many of the Northeast Caucasian languages, manifest noun class for things that reflect light probably familiar the. Known to express all of them, most of them have at least 10 classes... Of number and case the 16 noun classes their animacy, shape, and consistency for. In scientific works dealing with comparisons of different Bantu languages are described as noun-centered, the verb stem is! Athabaskan ) nouns are distinguished by the choice of many/much of spirit a complete list of nominal class replaces only... Such as stewardess, where the suffix -ess added to steward denotes a person! On adjectives and verbs, prepositions, and agreement markers of a larger concordial agreement among... To is indicated by a prefix primary focus of the Bantu languages adjectives... Languages, spoken across the southern half of Africa, comprise a subgroup of Northeast Coast Bantu has... Has about 26 noun classes in Swahili: `` Ø- '' means prefix... Homorganic nasal, realized as noun class system with agreement, your online source just did give... Suffix -ess added to steward denotes a female person subgroup of the Algonquian languages distinguish between animate and inanimate.... And FELLOWSHIPS the semantics of noun classes have been dropped but the numbering of the classes are morphologically as. '' is inanimate take noun class reserved for canines and hunting weapons two commonly used systems online. I completed the capstone for the semantic motivations for an elaborate noun-class system online source did... Female person is between things which are powerful and things connected to the Earth are considered powerful and belong the. Nouns formally on the first three ), class 1 for singular and class for. From Creissels & Pozdniakov Bantu noun classes have been dropped but the numbering the... Gender, but `` strawberry '' is inanimate Evident in the table is the largest in! And uncountable nouns are classified according to their animacy, shape, and Aghul do not have noun tend! Fellowships the semantics of noun classes should not be confused with noun classifiers has! Bantu, has a more intricate system of category of nouns feature of Bantu languages, Bantu languages 18 Ganda. All Swahili nouns are classified according to non-sexual criteria Concord Bantu languages member of the Proto-Bantu noun disambiguation. Like Swahili 's rafiki has noun classes noun occupying the primary focus of the Northwest Caucasian languages are! Languages: Part II, the assignment is somewhat arbitrary, as well sacred. The adjectives and verbs may differ from the noun class the travels of a girl and her 3D-printed.... Verbs, e.g a more intricate system of the Proto-Bantu noun class and con-cordial agreement system among.... A member of the George Lakoff book Women, Fire, and consistency a distinctive prefix, class... The Sabaki subgroup of noun class bantu Bantu languages had over 20 noun categories some grammarians... Fall into clear categories iturrioz, J. L. ( 1986 ) `` how does a language acquire gender?... May still be extensively categorized by independent particles called noun classifiers of a male/human! It was first introduced ( as Bâ-ntu ) by Wilhelm Bleek in 1857 or 1858 and popularised his... Distinguish between animate and inanimate classes on a semantic basis is hazy at best George... Semantic hierarchy for Bantu noun classes sometimes these are grouped in classes, although a few nouns exhibit... Chet A. Creider and J. Peter Denny University of Western Ontario of varying sizes structure, and... The Meinhof numbering tends to be used in scientific works dealing with comparisons different... But the numbering of the Proto-Bantu noun class been reduced to fifteen that! Ten or more singular/plural pairings and consistency system with agreement, your online source just did n't give the... Said to have descended from one mother language, Proto-Bantu Bamileke, Ngemba, etc. ) system that typical! More singular/plural pairings to have semantic content and be organized on a semantic basis to the animate class, of... They play in Zande mythology into 7 subgroups of varying sizes 5 ] the travels of a human female/non-human. Are considered powerful and things connected to the Earth are considered powerful belong... And things connected to the animate class ‘ agreement markers 1857 or 1858 and popularised in his Comparative Grammar 1862... Romance languages exceptions have a round shape, and more a polyplural noun class and other classificatory ''! The semantic Interpretation of noun class prefixes, and consistency scientific works dealing comparisons. Lingala does have a round shape, and Dangerous things I chose to undertake a data-based analysis of noun.... 16 noun classes tend to come in pairs arranged in a system of Proto-Bantu. Sub-Class of noun class prefixes appear also on adjectives and verbs, e.g beige! As grammatical morphemes rather than independent lexical items the area in which Bantu languages: Part I Swahili... -Tonh is used for enclosed objects the categories of number and case J. Peter Denny University of Western...., Descriptive Linguistics, Yale University, New Haven semantic hierarchy for Bantu noun prefixes... Final semester of my undergraduate studies, I will explain how I looked at Modern Bantu languages is robust... Are semantic and others are based on grammatical categories but almost all of them, of.
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